UNIT 1. PRINCIPLES OF USUGRAPHY

1. - Definition of ultrasound
2. - Importance of ultrasound in medicine
3. History of ultrasound
4. - Origins and development
5. - Technological advances
6. Modalities and types of ultrasound
7. - 2D (two-dimensional) ultrasound
8. - 3D and 4D ultrasound
9. - Doppler ultrasound
10. - Intravascular ultrasound

TEACHING UNIT 2. ECG PARAMETERS

1. - Importance of ultrasound settings in imaging
2. Ultrasound frequency
3. - Types of frequencies used in ultrasound
4. - Selecting the right frequency for different tissues and applications
5. Gain
6. - Function and types of gain in ultrasound
7. - Adjusting gain to improve image quality
8. Scanning depth
9. - Controlling the penetration depth of ultrasound waves
10. - Considerations when adjusting depth for different examinations
11. Imaging modes
12. - Mode B (brightness mode): principles of operation and applications
13. - Mode M (motion mode): use in real-time motion display
14. Bandwidth
15. Filters
16. - Usefulness of filters in artifact suppression and image enhancement
17. - Types of filters and their application in ultrasound
18. Output power
19. Scales and measurements
20. - Use of scales for precise measurements in ultrasound
21. - Setting of units and measurement values

UNIT TEACHING 3. ECOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF THE MOST COMMON COMPLICATIONS.

1. Pregnancy
2. - Ectopic pregnancy
3. - Miscarriage
4. - Placenta previa
5. - Fetal growth retardation
6. - Fetal anomalies
7. Abdomen
8. - Gallstones and gallbladder disease
9. - Acute appendicitis
10. - Liver cysts
11. - Abdominal tumors
12. - Intestinal obstruction
13. Cardiovascular
14. - Echocardiogram to evaluate cardiac function and valves
15. - Deep vein thrombosis
16. - Narrowing of the carotid arteries
17. Urological
18. - Kidney stones
19. - Hydronephrosis (kidney dilatation)
20. - Kidney tumors
21. - Urinary tract infections
22. Gynecologic
23. - Ovarian cysts
24. - Uterine fibroids
25. - Endometriosis
26. - Reproductive organ evaluation
27. Musculoskeletal
28. - Soft tissue injuries
29. - Tendonitis and bursitis
30. - Inguinal hernias
31. - Fractures
32. Thyroid
33. - Thyroid nodules
34. - Evaluation of thyroid size and function
35. Vascular
36. - Doppler ultrasound to assess blood flow in arteries and veins
37. - Deep vein thrombosis
38. - Aneurysms
39. Lungs
40. - Pleural effusion
41. - Evaluation of lung masses
42. Pediatrics
43. - Abdominal ultrasound in infants
44. - Brain ultrasound in newborns

TEACHING UNIT 4. IDENTIFYING PUNCTURE NEEDLES.

1. Importance of accurate identification
2. Types of anesthesia puncture needles
3. - Types of anesthesia needles
4. Characteristics of anesthesia needles
5. - Gauge and length
6. - Tip and bevel types
7. - Marks and labels for identification
8. - Sterile and single use
9. - Safety features
10. - Selection and use of needles for anesthesia
11. - Criteria for the choice of needle type
12. - Safety in handling needles for anesthesia

UNIT 5. ECHO GUIDED DORSAL ANESTHESIA.

1. Technique of ultrasound-guided dorsal anesthesia
2. - Importance of ultrasound-guided dorsal anesthesia
3. Basic principles of ultrasound in dorsal anesthesia
4. - Advantages of ultrasound in dorsal anesthesia
5. - Required equipment
6. Clinical applications and use cases
7. - Examples of procedures and clinical applications
8. - Successful use cases

UNIT DIDACTIC 6. ECHO GUIDED LUMBAR ANESTHESIA.

1. Technique of ultrasound-guided lumbar anesthesia
2. Techniques of insertion and administration of anesthetic
3. - Choice of appropriate needle
4. - Asepsis and infection control technique
5. - Needle insertion under ultrasound guidance
6. - Gradual administration of anesthetic
7. - Continuous monitoring during administration
8. Identification of relevant anatomy
9. - Visualization of the spine
10. - Identification of nerve structures
11. - Localization of the needle insertion site
12. - Ordered approach technique for static time blockade by ultrasound of the adult lumbar spine for spinal neuroaxial anesthesia

UNIT DIDACTIC 7. EUSOGRAPHY GUIDED SACRAL ANESTHESIA.

1. Technique of ultrasound-guided sacral anesthesia
2. - Definition of sacral anesthesia
3. - Importance of ultrasound in sacral anesthesia
4. Fundamentals of sacral anesthesia
5. - Anatomy of the sacral spine
6. - Indications for sacral anesthesia
7. Ultrasound-guided sacral anesthesia procedure

UNIT DIDACTIC 8. ECHO GUIDED ANESTHESIA OF OTHER REGIONS.

1. Common anatomic regions for ultrasound-guided anesthesia
2. - Peripheral nerve block
3. - Spinal and epidural anesthesia
4. - Regional anesthesia for extremity surgery
5. - Special considerations in ultrasound-guided anesthesia
6. - Anesthesia in pediatric patients
7. - Anesthesia in geriatric patients
8. - Anesthesia in patients with comorbidities